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This modifies the manual inputs of the pilot in accordance with control parameters. Improved fully fly-by-wire systems interpret the pilot's control inputs as a desired outcome and calculate the control surface positions required to achieve that outcome; this results in various combinations of rudder, elevator, aileron, flaps and engine controls in different situations using a closed feedback loop. The Airbus series of airliners used full-authority FBW controls beginning with their A320 series, see A320 flight control (though some limited FBW functions existed on A310). Some aircraft, the Panavia Tornado for example, retain a very basic hydro-mechanical backup system for limited flight control capability on losing electrical power; in the case of the Tornado this allows rudimentary control of the stabilators only for pitch and roll axis movements. Both systems often require redundant backup to deal with failures, which increases weight. This was preceded in 1964 by the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) which pioneered fly-by-wire flight with no mechanical backup.

Fly-by-wire control systems allow aircraft computers to perform tasks without pilot input. A pilot commands the flight control computer to make the aircraft perform a certain action, such as pitch the aircraft up, or roll to one side, by moving the control column or sidestick. A number of control movement steps can be automatically performed, reducing workload of the pilot or groundcrew and speeding up flight-checks. Contrast this with A records in the DNS, in which a name translates to a machine's address, not including the port number that might be providing a service. An undesirable side effect of the bit stuffing scheme is that a small number of bit errors in a received message may corrupt the destuffing process, causing a larger number of errors to propagate through the destuffed message. All nodes on the CAN network must operate at the same nominal bit rate, but noise, phase shifts, oscillator tolerance and oscillator drift mean that the actual bit rate might not be the nominal bit rate. This requires more sophisticated optical nodes which can also convert signals from digital to analog performing modulation, unlike conventional optical nodes which only need to convert signals from optical to electrical. To be able to view a digitally modulated channel, home, or customer-premises equipment (CPE), e.g. digital televisions, computers, or set-top boxes, are required to convert the RF signals to signals that are compatible with display devices such as analog televisions or computer monitors.

It quickly became the primary method for linking controllers (such as a lighting console) to dimmers and special effects devices such as fog machines and intelligent lights. These devices are known as Remote PHY devices (RPDs) or Remote MACPHY devices (RMDs). Other countries use different band sizes, but are similar in that there is much more bandwidth for downstream communication than for upstream communication. These can be costly to deploy but they can provide large bandwidth capacity especially for data services. In the 2000s, telecom companies started significant deployments of fiber to the x (FTTX) such as passive optical network solutions to deliver video, data and voice to compete with cable operators. The forward-path and the return-path are carried over the same coaxial cable in both directions between the optical node and the home. Although control and motor cables show some parallels, they are used for different purposes. Namely the supply of a motor with electricity. All the known effects of electricity-such as sparks, electrostatic attraction, chemical changes, electric shocks, and later electromagnetism-were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances.

If these structures can be reduced in size, airframe weight is reduced. CAN FD also introduces a flexible data field size, increasing the maximum size from 8 bytes to 64 bytes. Note each larger size inherits all previous (smaller) colors area. Aircraft and spacecraft autopilots are now part of the electronic controller. The hydraulic circuits are similar except that mechanical servo valves are replaced with electrically controlled servo valves, operated by the electronic controller. In countries that have traditionally used NTSC System M, the sections are 52-1000 MHz for forward-path signals, and 5-42 MHz for return-path signals. The HFC network is typically operated bi-directionally, meaning that signals are carried in both directions on the same network from the headend/hub office to the home, and from the home to the headend/hub office. Aircraft systems may be quadruplexed (four independent channels) to prevent loss of signals in the case of failure of one or even two channels. The original method to transport video over the HFC network and, still the most widely used method, is by modulation of standard analog TV channels which is similar to the method used for transmission of over-the-air broadcast. His system was adopted by the Daily Mail for daily transmission of the newspaper contents.

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